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Chapter26 PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis The Power of GreenOverview of PhotosynthesisThe structure of the chloroplast The Nature of Light Chlorophyll and Accessory PigmentsPhotosystemsStages of Photosynthesis (1) The Light Reactions -Formation of ATP and NADPH (2) The Dark Reaction -The Calvin CyclePhotorespirationRegulation of photosynthesisPhotosynthesisTurning sunlight into reduced carbonhigher plantspurple bacteriacyanobacteria+H2OCO2EnergyATP andNADPH2Which splitswaterLight is AdsorbedBy ChlorophyllCalvin CycleADPNADPChloroplastUsed Energy and is recycled.O2+C6H12O6Light ReactionDark ReactionPhotosynthesisSite of PhotosynthesisThylakoidsStromaGranumInner OuterMembranesPigments PhotosystemsPigments:Center pigment: specialized chlorophyll a acting as the reaction center in the PSAntenna pigments (accessory pigment) : other chlorophyll a chlorophyll b and chlorophyll c, Carotenoids -carotene lutein,anti-oxidants, protect the chlorophyll,Phycobilins Photosystems: discrete units of pigment organization in the thylakoid membrane PSI: P700; PSII:P680Chlorophylls Absorption spectrum of vairous pigmentsA photon-excited molecule can dissipate its excitation energy in a variety of waysInternal conversion: The energy of the excited state (an electron in a high energy orbital) is converted to heat.Fluorescence: The energy of the excited state is lost by emitting a photon.Exciton transfer: (resonance energy transfer): The energy of the excited state is transferred to nearby unexcited molecules with similar electronic properties.Photooxidation: The excited molecule loses an electron ( es oxidized) to an acceptor molecule ( es reduced).These last two processes are important in photosynthesisAbsorption of light by pigmentsHighest excited stateChlorophyll fluorescenceHeat lossEnergy of electronshnLowest excited stateFluorescencehnHeat lossEnergy transferGround statePhotosystems and Reaction CenterPhotosystems are functional and structural units of protein complexe