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* The Effects of Technology on News Photography October 24, 2002 第一页，共二十九页。 Test Time 第二页，共二十九页。 So how do they do this? More technology = Easier manipulation Software is affordable, easy, and fast. The most popular software is Adobe Photoshop. 第三页，共二十九页。 Adobe Photoshop Photoshop is used for Web graphics, visual effects and print illustration. Color correction Flaw removal Advanced cropping tools It “rips through complex tasks with impressive dexterity and speed.” Dallas Morning News 第四页，共二十九页。 Michael Elins 第五页，共二十九页。 第六页，共二十九页。 Manipulation for News Multiple instances exist where photography in a hard news medium has seen its content digitally altered. National Geographic’s 1982 cover of the Giza pyramids New York Newsday’s 1994 cover of Tonya Harding and Nancy Kerrigan Newsweek’s 1997 cover of Bobbi McCaughey 第七页，共二十九页。 第八页，共二十九页。 第九页，共二十九页。 What do these alterations do? Does the photograph’s meaning change? Will readers lose trust? Is the effect of journalistic photography lost? 第十页，共二十九页。 第十一页，共二十九页。 The Associated Press’s Opinion The only manipulation that occurs is technical darken and lightening a print cleaning up dust spots Image is seen more clearly “The content of a photograph will never be changed or manipulated in any way.” 第十二页，共二十九页。 More Ethical Issues Minimize bias 第十三页，共二十九页。 What about this? 第十四页，共二十九页。 What’s the difference? News photography vs. feature and entertainment photography Less serious context makes it easier to manipulate Current events vs. consumers 第十五页，共二十九页。 Manipulation for Features Newsweek used a composited image of two star actors, Dustin Hoffman and Tom Cruise. 第十六页，共二十九页。 Manipulation for Entertainment 第十七页，共二十九页。 Example TV Guide used a zipper head alteration, placing one person’s head upon another’s body, in a 1989 issue, placing Oprah Winfrey’s head on actress Ann Margret’s body. 第十八页，共二十九页。 Example 1989 cover photograph of Don Johnson. 第十九页，共二十九页。 Entertainment (contd