计算机科学引论第二.pptxVIP

1.1 Define the Turing model of a computer. Define the von Neumann model of a computer. Describe the three components of a computer: hardware, data, and software. List topics related to computer hardware. List topics related to data. List topics related to software. Discuss some social and ethical issues related to the use of computers. Give a short history of computers. Objectives After studying this chapter, the student should be able to: 第1页/共34页 1.2 1-1 TURING MODEL The idea of a universal computational device was first described by Alan Turing in 1937. He proposed that all computation could be performed by a special kind of a machine, now called a Turing machine. He based the model on the actions that people perform when involved in computation. He abstracted these actions into a model for a computational machine that has really changed the world. 第2页/共34页 1.3 Data processors Before discussing the Turing model, let us define a computer as a data processor. Using this definition, a computer acts as a black box that accepts input data, processes the data, and creates output data (Figure 1.1). Although this model can define the functionality of a computer today, it is too general. In this model, a pocket calculator is also a computer (which it is, in a literal sense). Figure 1.1 A single purpose computing machine 第3页/共34页 1.4 Programmable data processors The Turing model is a better model for a general-purpose computer. This model adds an extra element to the specific computing machine: the program. A program is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do with data. Figure 1.2 shows the Turing model. Figure 1.2 A computer based on the Turing model 第4页/共34页 1.5 Figure 1.3 The same program, different data 第5页/共34页 1.6 Figure 1.4 The same data, different programs 第6页/共34页 1.7 The universal Turing machine A universal Turing machine, a machine that can do any computation if the appropriate program is provided, was the first descripti