新古典经济学下的贸易.pptxVIP

会计学 1 新古典经济学下的贸易 2 第1页/共18页 3 3.1 theory of consumer (消费者理论) 3.1.1 Budget constrain (预算约束) 第2页/共18页 4 3.1.2 Fundamental of the consumer’s decision: Preference and Utility (消费者选择的基础：偏好和效用) Preference and Utility：Axiom of Preference偏好公理 Axiom 1: completeness ( 完备性公理) Axiom 2: Transitivity (传递性公理) Axiom 3: Reflexivity and monotonicity ( 自返性和单调性公理) Axiom4: convexity (偏好的“凸性”公理 ) Utility: Consumer indifference curve 第3页/共18页 5 3.1.3 Optimality of consumer’s decision Marginal Utility (MU, 边际效用) Marginal rate of substitution (MRS, 边际替代率) （1）MU and diminishing of Marginal 边际效用和边际效用递减 （2）Marginal Rate of Substitute, MRS (边际替代率) Optimality of consumer’s decision MU, MRS diminishing of MU 第4页/共18页 6 3.2 Production optimum under perfect competition 完全竞争下的生产者理论 Ass1. input flexibility and substitution among input. Continuity ass production function(生产函数连续) Ass2.monotonicity of P-Function(严格递增) Ass3.Diminishing Marginal returns of factor (要素边际产出递减) Ass4. Concavity of P-function/convexity of technical of production(技术凸性假设和生产函数严格拟凹性) Ass5. Diminishing of Marginal rate of technical substitution (边际技术替代率递减) Ass6. constant of Returns of Scale (规模报酬不变) 3.2.1 Assumptions of production 第5页/共18页 7 3.2.2 selection of producer : one production生产者的选择: 成本最小化或利润最大化 第6页/共18页 8 3.2.3 Selection of the production: two goods optimum 第7页/共18页 9 第8页/共18页 10 3.2.4 Production possibility frontier(PPF): from Edgerworth Box to PPF (生产可能性边界) 第9页/共18页 11 3.3.1 封闭经济下的均衡 3.3 From autarky to opening economy从封闭经济均衡到开放经济 第10页/共18页 12 3.3.2 the relative price/ term of trade of opening economy 开放经济下的相对价格（范围的决定） 第11页/共18页 13 Introduction of international trade The most important feature to keep in minds that the opening of a country to international trade means exposing the country to a new set of relative prices. When these different prices are available, the home country’s producers and consumers will adjust to them by reallocating their production and consumption patterns. The ultimate source of gai