上海交通大学《大学物理》课件-第15章 磁场与物质的相互作用.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 第十五章 磁场与物质的相互作用 — 磁介质 §.1 磁介质对磁场的影响 §.2 磁化强度和磁化电流 §.3 有磁介质时的高斯定理 §.4 有磁介质时的安培环路定理 §.5 铁磁质 Classical view of the atom: electron(s) in orbit around nucleus current loop The orbital angular momentum 磁偶极矩 轨道磁矩 轨道角动量 磁矩 magnetic moment §.1 磁介质对磁场的影响 the vector sum of magnetic dipole moment of all the electrons in the molecular Molecular magnetic dipole moment 分子磁矩 抗磁质 Diamagnetic material silver, copper, water, … In the absence of an external magnetic field , the vector sum of magnetic dipole moment of all the electrons in the molecular is zero. 铁磁质 Ferromagnetic material iron, cobalt, nickel, … In the absence of an external magnetic field , these materials contain molecules with permanent magnetic dipole moments. 固有磁矩 顺磁质 Paramagnetic material aluminum, tungsten, oxygen, … These material can produce a very strong contribution to the magnetic field. The magnetization can persist even when the external field is removed, thus leading to permanent magnetism. At temperatures above a critical temperature, called the Curie point, ferromagnetic materials become paramagnetic. 居里点 1. Diamagnetism precession Additional magnetic moment 感应磁矩 进动 附加磁矩 抗磁质 In the external magnetic field 电子轨道运动 precession Additional magnetic moment 感应磁矩 进动 附加磁矩 产生的附加磁场方向与外磁场的方向相反 削弱了外磁场 2. Paramagnetism These dipoles are randomly oriented due to thermal motion The permanent magnetic dipole moments tend to line up. In the external magnetic field 宏观小 微观大 顺磁质 产生的附加磁场方向与外磁场的方向相同 Thermal motion randomizes their directions, so only a small effect persists. 磁介质在外磁场中发生的上述微观过程，会使介质内或介质表面上出现宏观电流。 Magnetization current 磁化电流 Magnetization 磁化 感应磁化 取向磁化 对于磁介质，可以不涉及磁化的微观过程，引用一个宏观物理量来描述介质磁化的程度。 磁化强度 magnetization 宏观小 微观大 §.2 磁化强度和磁化电流 The net molecular magnetic dipole moment per unit volume of the material Discussion (1) (2) Diamagnetic material Paramagnetic material Diamagnetic substances are repelled by one pole of a nearby bar magnet. Paramag