环境与自然资源经济学PPT2 Tietenberg_8e_ppt21_final.pptVIP

Chapter 21 Environmental Justice Objectives Chapter 21 deals with the problem of environmental equity: are environmental risks distributed fairly? Which groups are bearing the costs of certain policy decisions? Objectives Define vertical and horizontal equity. Discuss the incidence and economics of siting decisions. Discuss the incidence of control costs. Review industry structure and the burden of an increase in costs. Define new-source bias. Discuss the effects of pollution control policies on households. Compare various policies for both air pollution and water pollution. Introduction Environmental justice concerns issues such as: the ethical question of whether risks, benefits and costs are distributed equitably; environmental legislation and the likelihood of passage given its distributional burden. Horizontal equity is defined by people with equal income being treated equally. Vertical equity deals with how net benefits are distributed among people with different incomes. The Incidence of Hazardous Waste Siting Decisions History Environmental justice began to attract serious attention in 1982. In 1987 the United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice examined hazardous waste siting for the nation and found race to be a significant factor. Hamilton (2003) finds that for most U.S. studies, low income and minority residents do face higher risks from hazardous waste facilities. Recent Research and the Emerging Role of Analysis Using GIS GIS technology has recently been utilized, allowing siting studies to become more sophisticated. Some studies using GIS show how sensitive the results can be depending on the measure of equity chosen. GIS has also been used with TRI data to show that certain demographic groups face higher probabilities of exposure to toxic air emissions. The Economics of Site Location The economics of site location must incorporate the incentives of the owners of the facilities as well as the incentives of the communities involved.