高一英语语法重点.docx

一．直接引语和间接引语 （一）直接引述别人的原话，叫做直接引语；用自己话转述别人的话，叫做间接引语。间接引语一般构成宾语从句。直接引语必须放在引号内，间接引语则不用引号。直接引语改为间接引语时，除将引语部分变成宾语从句外，还必须对直接引语中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行改变。 时态的变化：直接引语变为间接引语时，通常受转述 动词said， asked等的影响而使用过去化的时态，即把原来的时态向过去推，也就是一般现在时变为一般过去时，现在进行时变为过去进行时，等等。例如： Tom said to me，“My brother is doing his homework．” →Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework． 人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等等的变化： 根据意义进行相应的变化，例如： She asked Jack ，“Where have you been? ” →She asked Jack where he had been ． He said，“These books are mine ．” →He said that those books were his ． （二）直接引语改为间接引语时，都使用陈述语序，但是因为原句的句式不同，所以变成间接引语时所用的连词会有所不同。直接引语如果是一般疑问句，用连接词whether 或if；如果是特殊疑问句，则用疑问词引导间接引语。转述的动词一般用asked，可以在其后加上一个间接宾语me， him， her， us 等。如： She said ，“Is your father at home? ” →She asked me if/whether my father was at home ． “What do you do every Sunday? ”My friend asked me ． →My friend asked me what I did every Sunday ． 直接引语如果是祈使句，改为间接引语时，要将祈使句的 动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据原句的语气（即请求或命令）加上ask， tell， order等动词，如果祈使句为否定式，则在不定式前加not。其句型为：ask / tell / order someone （not） to do something ．例如： She said to us ，“Please sit down ．” →She asked us to sit down ． He said to him ，“Go away！” →He ordered him to go away ． He said， “Don’t make so much noise ， boys．” →He told the boys not to make so much noise ． 二．各种时态的被动语态 被动语态概述 被动语态的概念：它是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的执行或被执行关系。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，例如：They saw the little boy crying by the river ．被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者，例如： The little boy was seen crying by the river ． 被动语态的构成 被动语态的形式是由“助动词be＋动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态等的不同而变化。几种常见时态的被动语态形式如下： 一般现在时 am/is/are ＋过去分词 例如：Rice is planted in the south of China ． 一般过去时 was/were ＋过去分词 例如：These trees were planted the year before last． 3．一般将来时 will/shall ＋ be ＋过去分词 例如：A sports meeting will be held next week in our school． 4．现在进行时 am/is/are ＋ being ＋过去分词例 如 ：Your radio is being repaired now ． 5．过去进行时 was/were ＋ being ＋过去分词 When he got there， the problem was being discussed ． 6．现在完成时 have/has ＋ been ＋过去分词 His work has been finished ． Has his work been finished? Yes， it has