【行业报告】世界银行-各国如何应对新冠肺炎危机？新兴的就业模式与政策相关（英）-2023.4_市场营.docxVIP

PAGE 3 HOW DID COUNTRIES RESPOND TO THE COVID-19 CRISIS? EMERGING PATTERNS ON JOBS-RELATED POLICIES ABSTRACT This brief investigates differences in countries’ jobs-related policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Four main patterns emerge. First, the type of labor policies adopted by countries varied greatly according to their income level. Low-income countries were more likely to implement public works programs but not other policies such as unemployment benefits, labor regulations, wage subsidies, training and placements policies, firm liquidity support, and cash transfers to workers. Meanwhile, countries with a more formal workforce and existing unemployment benefits systems were more likely to implement policies such as unemployment benefits and labor regulations. Second, low- and lower-middle-income countries devoted a lower share of their gross domestic product (GDP) to expenditure on new jobs- related policies. Third, conditional on countries’ income group, the magnitude of the GDP shock did not have a statistically significant correlation with the adoption of different policies. This may reflect uncertainty in the extent of the GDP shock when the policy response was determined or noise in the measure of GDP. Finally, countries that adopted more stringent COVID-19 restrictions were more likely to adopt changes to labor regulations, specifically changes in working conditions, to try to soften the blow on workers. These results suggest that the policy response to the crisis in low- and lower-middle- income countries was constrained by the lack of resources, resulting in lower-cost policies with generally limited impacts on workers. INTRODUCTION This brief focuses on the policy response to the COVID-19 crisis and uncovers patterns relating to various countries’ choice of jobs-related policy response as the crisis unfolded. In particular, it sheds light on the degree to which countries implemented different policies. Which jobs policies were adopte