【行业报告】世界银行-公共交通在妇女经济赋权中的作用ABC（英）-2023.4_市场营销策划_重点报.docxVIP

The ABCs of the Role of Public Transport in Women’s Economic Empowerment1 Muneeza Mehmood Alam,2 Lisa Bagnoli,3 and Tamara Kerzhner4 Keywords: Transport mobility, gender barriers, public transit, female employment JEL: R41, J16, H54, E24, J21 1 The authors are grateful to Ibrahim Dajani and Paul Noumba Um for their support and guidance. The authors also thank Arturo Ardila Gomez, Nazmul Chaudhury, Nobuhiko Daito, Antonio Estache, Susan Lim, Elisabeth Maier, Clotilde V. Minster, and Mira Morad for their views and comments. Financial support from the MNA Chief Economists office is gratefully acknowledged. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 2 World Bank Group; corresponding author (malam5@worldbank.org) 3 World Bank Group 4 UC Berkley PAGE PAGE 10 Introduction Fostering women’s economic empowerment is central to realizing women’s rights and gender equality. Moreover, gender inequalities impede economic growth and stall efforts to eradicate poverty. Gender gaps in the labor market can induce GDP per capita losses as high as 27% in the Middle East and North Africa (MNA) (Cuberes Teignier, 2016). Only 19 percent of women in the MNA region participate in the labor force (World Bank, 2021) and when compared to other regions, MNA exhibits the highest gender gaps in labor force participation (LFP) as well as the lowest female LFP in absolute terms. In the MNA region, women generate 18 percent of the GDP – compare