量子力学学习课件第十一章英文版.pptxVIP

Chapter 11 Scattering 11.1 Introduction 39411.2 Partial Wave Analysis 39911.3 Phase Shift 40511.4 The Born Approximation 408 11.1 IntroductionGenerally speaking，Scattering is the spread direction change of some radiated particle (photon，electron，proton and so on) caused by interaction with one or more local inhomogeneous component of the medium. Commonly summarized as the collision of particles, determined by conversation of momentum and energy. 11.1.1 Classical Scattering TheoryImagine a particle incident on some scattering center (say, a proton fired at a heavy nucleus). It comes in with an energy E and impact parameter b, and it emerges at some scattering angle θ Suppose the target is a billiard ball , of radius R, and the incident particle is a BB, which bounces off elasticallyThe essential problem of classical scattering theory is this: Given the impact parameter, calculate the scattering angle. Ordinarily, of course, the smaller the impact parameter, the greater the scattering angle. More generally, particles incident within an infinitesimal patch of cross-sectional area dσ will scatter into a corresponding infinitesimal solid angle dΩ?The larger dσ is, the bigger dΩ will be. The proportionality factor, D(θ)=dσ/dΩ, is called the different scattering cross-section: In terms of the impact parameter and the azimuthal angle φ, dσ= bdbdφ and dΩ=sinθdθdφ, so The total cross-section is the integral of D(θ) overall solid angles, roughly speaking, it is the total area of incident beamthat is scattered by the target.In the case of hard-sphere scattering: Finally, suppose we have a beam of incident particles, with uniform intensity (or luminosity, as particle physicists call it). L is the number of incident particles per unit area, per unit time, then:If the detector accepts particles scattering into a solid angle d?, we simply count the number recorded, per unit time, divide by d? , and normalize to the luminosity of the incident beam. 11