昆虫生理学生物学 (593).pdfVIP

REVIEW ARTICLE t Biological and cultural controls… Nonpesticide alternatives can suppress crop pests Nicholas J. Mills Kent M. Daane t Biological controls (the use of natural enemies) and cultural controls (the modification of cropping practices) provide valuable alternatives to or- ganophosphate insecticides (OPs) for the suppression of major arthropod Biological control has a long and rich history in California, beginning with the importa- crop pests in California. We discuss tion of the vedalia beetle for cottony cush- the successes and limitations of these ion scale in 1889. Above, some of the UC pioneers of biological control and integrated two approaches with regard to tree pest management on an insect collection fruits and nuts, vines, and field and trip in Palm Canyon in 1948. From left to right: (top row) Huffaker, Fisher, Basinger; row crops. For example, a historic suc- (middle row) Bartlett, Hagen, Smith, Sellers, cess story is that the cottony cushion Huges, Compere, Steinhaus; (bottom row) Flanders, Finney, Fleschner, Timberlake, Di- scale remains innocuous in citrus pro- etrick, DeBach. Right, cottony cushion scale duction, more than 100 years after its was featured in a pest identification manual successful suppression by the vedalia for California published in 1888. beetle. More recently, growers’ use of groundcovers and road maintenance helps keep dust down on orchard roads to limit the buildup of web- complete their development); pathogens pests are unable to persist year-round spinning mit