人工智能英文介绍.pptVIP

Artificial IntelligenceFall 2008Frank Hadlock人工智能英文介绍全文共42页，当前为第1页。 Definitions of AIThe study of representation and search through which intelligent activity can be enacted on a mechanical device.The study of problems at which human beings are currently more adept than computers at solving and the translation and improvement of human solutions into forms which can be implemented on a computer.人工智能英文介绍全文共42页，当前为第2页。 Physical symbol system hypothesisThe physical symbol system hypothesis (PSSH), first formulated by Newell and Simon in their Turing Award paper,1 states that “a physical symbol system [such as a digital computer, for example] has the necessary and sufficient means for intelligent action.” The hypothesis implies that computers, when we provide them with the appropriate symbol-processing programs, will be capable of intelligent action. It also implies, as Newell and Simon wrote, that “the symbolic behavior of man arises because he has the characteristics of a physical symbol system.”人工智能英文介绍全文共42页，当前为第3页。 HistoryGraph theory state space representation (Euler)Boolean algebra – propositional calculus (Boole)Predicate calculus – (Frege)Descartes DiscourseTuring’s TestPhysical Symbol System HypothesisConnectionism 人工智能英文介绍全文共42页，当前为第4页。 Discourse - DescartesIf there were machines which bore a resemblance to our bodies and imitated our actions as closely as possible for all practical purposes, we should still have two very certain means of recognizing that they were not real men. The first is that they could never use words, or put together signs, as we do in order to declare our thoughts to others. For we can certainly conceive of a machine so constructed that it utters words, and even utters words that correspond to bodily actions causing a change in its organs. … But it is not conceivable that such a machine should produce different arrangements of words so as to give an appropriately meaningful answer to whatever is said in its presence, as the dullest of