太阳系以外的行星.pptVIP

Extrasolar Planets.I.What do we know and how do we know it.Basic planetary atmospheresSuccessful observations and future plans目前一页\总数二十七页\编于一点 Planets Orbiting Other Stars Total: 209 discovered to-date. Statistics: Gas giant planets, like Jupiter Saturn, exist around 12% of stars (Marcy et al. 2005); Lower-mass planets (Super-Earths, 3 known to-date) are significantly more common (Rivera et al. 2005; Beaulieu et al. 2006). No Earth-like planets yet…目前二页\总数二十七页\编于一点 Planets Orbiting Other Stars: after Gould et al. (2006)First ‘Super-Earth’ discovered GJ 876d:-- Mass ~ 7.5 EarthsAlso HD 69830b:-- Mass ~ 10 EarthsNASA Kepler mission:… Radii in this rangeM = MercuryV = VenusE = Earth, etc.目前三页\总数二十七页\编于一点 Atmosphere:In general - outer boundary for planet’s thermal evolution - the extrasolar planets have introduced conditions never imaginedClouds (photo)chemistryEvaporation (very hot hot Jupiters) Transits allow spectroscopic studies of the planet’s atmosphere目前四页\总数二十七页\编于一点 The Close-in Extrasolar Giant Planets Type and size of condensate is important Possibly large reflected light in the optical Thermal emission in the infraredSeager Sasselov 2000目前五页\总数二十七页\编于一点 Atmosphere:What is special about atomic Na and the alkali metals?Seager Sasselov (2000)目前六页\总数二十七页\编于一点 Atmosphere: Theoretical Transmission Spectra of HD 209458 bWavelength (nm)Occulted Area (%)Seager Sasselov (2000)目前七页\总数二十七页\编于一点 Transmission SpectraH = kT/g?mH scale height sl extinction cross section L path lengthHow large is the planet atmospheresignal? It depends on theatmosphere annulus / star area目前八页\总数二十七页\编于一点 Atmosphere:The tricks of transmission spectroscopy:Brown (2001)目前九页\总数二十七页\编于一点 The actual detection (with the HST):a 5s signal2x weaker than model expected, but within errorsMight indicate high clouds above terminatorCharbonneau et al. (2002)目前十页\总数二十七页\编于一点 planet/star flux ratio is:ad?RpStarPlanetEarthReflected Ligh