印度IT行业分析.pptVIP

Added Complexities1 Substantial geographic distances― more inventory Added forecasting difficulties Infrastructural Inadequacies Worker skill, performance expectations Supplier availability, reliability, contracts Lack of local technologies Inadequacies in transportation, communications infrastructure * * 第三十页，共四十四页。 Added Complexities2 Cultural differences accepted partnerships, styles value of punctuality 例如，紅包文化、上酒家談生意… Added competition “at home” * * 第三十一页，共四十四页。 * 来自 中国最大的资料库下载 * 問題 印度的IT產業發達、人工便宜… 泰國自排機車無人問津… 東南亞設廠便宜，然而人工素質較低… 大和燒肉捲、板烤米香堡 ― 產品差異化與製程設計問題… Wal-Mart的搬運設備與巴西的標準棧板不相容… 跨國的關稅、滙率、貿易保護、基礎建設、文化… * * 第一页，共四十四页。 Increasing Globalization 1/5 of output of US firms produced abroad US Companies hold $500 Billion in foreign asset stocks (7% annual growth) 1/4 of US imports between foreign affiliates and US parent companies Over half of US companies increased the number of countries in which they operate (late 80’s to early 90’s) * * 第二页，共四十四页。 Taxonomy of International Supply Chains International distribution 製造在本國，配銷與相關行銷活動在海外． International suppliers 原料及零件的供應來自國外供應商，最後的裝配在本國進行． Offshore manufacturing 產品在同一地區搜源與製造，最後運回國內的倉庫銷售及配銷． Fully integrated global supply chain * * 第三页，共四十四页。 Forces Driving Globalization (Dornier etc) Global Market Forces Technological Forces Global Cost Forces Political and Economic Forces * * 第四页，共四十四页。 People have “all become global citizens, and so must the companies that want to sell us things” (Kenichi Ohmae) * * 第五页，共四十四页。 Global Market Forces Foreign competition in local markets 為了成功防衛本國市場，公司會發現必須要進入國外市場… Acer為歐洲NB第一品牌… Growth in foreign demand Global presence as a defensive tool Nestle’s and Kellogg’s Presence in state-of-the-art markets Japan -- consumer electronics Germany -- machine tools US: software * * 第六页，共四十四页。 Technological Forces Diffusion of knowledge Many high tech components developed overseas Need close relationships with foreign suppliers Technology sharing/collaborations Access to technology/markets Global lo