美国的医学教育：过去与未来课件.pptxVIP

MEDICAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE Justin Clark, M.D. Neurosurgery Resident Barrow Neurological Institute Phoenix, Arizona, USA 1 INTRODUCTION • Medical Schools – History – Present day problems – Future issues • Graduate Medical Education • Neurosurgery Residency Training • Neurosurgery Residency Training at the Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) 2 HISTORY OF MEDICAL SCHOOLS • The first medical school in North America was founded in 1765 by John Morgan at the College of Philadelphia – This institution is now known as the University of Pennsylvania • The faculty at the College Of Philadelphia had been trained at the University of Edinburgh – The faculty used the British medical education system as the model for the school. The History of Medical Schools in the U.S. Vault home page. /nr/newsmain.jsp?ch_id=619article_idat_id=3232. Accessed 2008 June 6 3 FOUNDING OF NEW U.S. MEDICAL SCHOOLS • Subsequent medical schools were also founded on the U.S. East Coast: – The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY (1767) – Harvard University, Boston, MA (1782) • During the next 100 years, medical schools were founded across the country; however the majority were founded in non-academic centers • Consequently, during the 19th century, there existed two types of medical schools in the United States: – University-based medical schools – Proprietary medical schools 4 MEDICAL SCHOOL CURRICULUM DURING MOST OF THE 1800’s • Most medical schools did not have university paid professors; instead, medical students needed to buy a ticket from the professor, in order to hear his lectures. – The University of Michigan was the only exception of this rule. • Students signed-up for 2 years of studies • During both years, the same curriculum was taught, and learning was based on pure memorization • Lectures had to be attended twice to qualify for graduation – Some schools required a