《国富论》2文明与财富之奥秘.pptxVIP

亚当·斯密与《国富论》2·文明与财富之奥秘 一、序论及全书计划揭示了财富的性质和原因，并提出了《国富论》所要研究的核心问题: 财富的性质及原因一国富裕程度取决于两大因素：劳动的品质（熟练程度、技巧和判断力）+ 比例文明与野蛮、富裕与贫穷、不平等与正义全书可分为三个部分：自然的政治经济秩序（第一、二卷）；实际历史中的或遭特殊利益与偏见腐败的政治经济秩序（第三、四卷）；国家理论（第五卷） “The annual labour of every nation is the fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniences of life which it annually consumes, and which consist always, either in the immediate produce of that labour, or in what is purchased with that produce from other nations.” P.10 财富的根源在于人的“劳动”。所以，政治经济学讨论的核心对象是“人”而非“物”：如何更好地组织人的劳动，使劳动品质（生产力、理性才能等）得到持续发展。因此，政治经济学的核心关切是法律与“清明”的政治统治。 一国富裕程度取决于两大因素：1.劳动者的熟练程度、技巧和判断力；2.从事有用劳动的人数与不从事有用劳动的人数间的比例。（不论一国土壤、气候和面积如何，它的国民每年供给的好坏，必然取决于以上两种情况。） 这两大因素，前者与文明程度和人的发展有关，当然也与才能和劳动的品质相关，后者则关系到社会的不平等结构。这两大因素其实具有内在联系，难以切割，甚至它们具有共同的根源。它们都是劳动分工的结果。启蒙运动的理念基础与思想前提是人的平等。就此而言，文明社会的不平等就应受到道德上的苛责。的确，卢梭就在《人与人之间不平等的起源》中对之做出了最为激烈的抨击。 Among the savage nations of hunters and fishers, every individual who is able to work, is more or less employed in useful labour, and endeavours to provide, as well as he can, the necessaries and conveniencies of life, for himself, or such of his family or tribe as are either too old, or too young, or too infirm to go a hunting and fishing. Such nations, however, are so miserably poor, that, from mere want, they are frequently reduced, or at least, think themselves reduced, to the necessity sometimes of directly destroying, and sometimes of abandoning their infants, their old people, and those afflicted with lingering diseases, to perish with hunger, or to be devoured by wild beasts. Among civilized and thriving nations, on the contrary, though a great number of people do not labour at all, many of whom consume the produce of ten times, frequently of a hundred times more labour than the greater part of those who work; yet the produce of the whole labour of the society is so great, that all are often abundantly supplied, and a workman, even of the lowest and poorest order, if he is fruga