医学统计学全套课件.ppt

Medical Statistics (full English class)Ji-Qian FangSchool of Public Health Sun Yat-Sen University Chapter 9 Statistical Analysis For Measurement Data 9.1 Statistical Description for Measurement Data 1. Frequency Distribution Example 9-1 There are 130 observations on height of 14 years old female children (Table 9-1). Look at the raw data? vague and confuse! How to sort the data? ---- Frequency table ! (1) Stepsa.?Minimum, maximum and range. Range=162.6-125.9=36.7b.??Decide the interval of group.c.?? Build up the table. Count the observations, Frequency Cumulated frequency Table 9-2 Height of 130 female children Height Count Freq. 124- 2 128- 3 132- 正正 11 136- 正正正正 22 140- 正正正正正正正 39 144- 正正正正正 27 148- 正正正 16 152- 正 5 156- 3 160-164 2 Total 130 (2) The use of frequency table Show the profile of data distribution. Symmetric? Skew ? Central position? Variability? Outliers?Frequency table is a good way to summarize the data ---- 130 figures are reduced to 22 figures and are much easier to present. Chapter 13 Design of medical research The aim of research design: To get a reliable result in the lowest cost of manpower, time and money; To estimate the random error within the observed data; To promote the efficiency of the research There are two kinds of research: Laboratory experiment and Clinical trial Medical survey 13.1 Principles of research design1. Control 2. Balance 3. Randomization 4. Replication 1. ControlIf there is no control, then there is no comparison. OthersEffect of othersEffect of treatmentTreatmentSubjectOthersControlEffect of controlSubjectEffect of others Some forms of control:(1) Empty control(2) Placebo control (for animal, Experimental control)(3) Mutual control(4) Self control(5) Standard control(6) Historical control (1) Empty controlOthersEffect of othersEffect of treatmentTrea