2023年托福阅读辅导-老托福阅读真题及答案passage11整理.pdfVIP

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2023年托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案

passage11整理

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Plantsaresubjecttoattackandinfectionbyaremarkablevarietyof

symbioticspeciesandhaveevolvedadiversearrayofmechanisms

designedtofrustratethepotentialcolonists.Thesecanbedividedinto

preformedorpassivedefensemechanismsandinducibleoractive

systems.Passiveplantdefensecomprisesphysicalandchemicalbarriers

thatprevententryofpathogens,suchasbacteria,orrendertissues

unpalatableortoxictotheinvader.Theexternalsurfacesofplants,in

additiontobeingcoveredbyanepidermisandawaxycuticle,oftencarry

spikyhairsknownastrichomes,whicheitherpreventfeedingbyinsects

ormayevenpunctureandkillinsectlarvae.Othertrichomesaresticky

andglandularandeffectivelytrapandimmobilizeinsects.

Ifthephysicalbarriersoftheplantarebreached,thenpreformed

chemicalsmayinhibitorkilltheintruder,andplanttissuescontaina

diversearrayoftoxicorpotentiallytoxicsubstances,suchasresins,

tannins,glycosides,andalkaloids,manyofwhicharehighlyeffective

deterrentstoinsectsthatfeedonplants.ThesuccessoftheColorado

beetleininfestingpotatoes,forexample,seemstobecorrelatedwithits

hightolerancetoalkaloidsthatnormallyrepelpotentialpests.Other

possiblechemicaldefenses,whilenotdirectlytoxictotheparasite,may

inhibitsomeessentialstepintheestablishmentofaparasiticrelationship.

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千里之行，始于足下。

Forexample,glycoproteinsinplantcellwallsmayinactivateenzymes

thatdegradecellwalls.Theseenzymesareoftenproducedbybacteria

andfungi.

Activeplantdefensemechanismsarecomparabletotheimmune

systemofvertebrateanimals,althoughthecellularandmolecularbases

are