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Chapter one
Chapter one
Introduction
什么是语言学
定义
语言学Linguistics
语言学Linguistics
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.
scopeoflinguistics语言学分支必考P2
普通语言学
普通语言学GeneralLinguistics
ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.
Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunication,iscalledphonetics.
(语音学)
Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.
(音位学)
Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsarecalledmorphology.(形态学)
Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax
(句法学)
Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.(语义学)
Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.(语用学)
(1)Prescriptiveanddescriptive规定与描写Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.
(1)Prescriptiveanddescriptive规定与描写
Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,it
issaidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.
Modern linguisticsdiffersfrom traditionalgrammar. Traditionalgrammar is
prescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.Thetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis“correct”ornot.
规定性Prescriptive
Itaimstolaydownrulesfor”correct”behavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.
描述性Descriptive
Alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.
Synchronicanddiachronic共时和历时
Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Inmodernlinguistics,synchr
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