PSY230-6心里性格学之5.ppt

TheTraitApproach

Everymanisincertainrespects (a)likeallothermen (b)likesomeotherman (c)likenootherman KluckhohnMurray(1961,p.53)

TraitApproachTrait…adimensionofpersonalityusedtocategorizepeopleaccordingtothedegreetowhichtheymanifestaparticularcharacteristic.…astablewayofrelatingtooneselfandothers

TraitApproach SometimesdescribesthepsychologicaldifferencesbetweenindividualsintermsofspecialdimensionsinventedbypsychologistsMoreoften,thetraitapproachisbasedonordinarylanguage

TraitApproach 1.Basedonempiricalresearch,mostlycorrelationalinnatureCanitbeusedtopredictbehavior?2.ItfocusesexclusivelyonindividualdifferencesNozeropoint,absolutesenseofatraitOnlyrelative(moreorlessnervous,etc.)

TheProblemofInconsistencyPeoplearedifferentacrosssituationsIspersonalityassessmentawasteoftime?Perhapsthereisnosuchthingasapersonality,andwechangefromonesituationtoanother?Perhapsthepresenceofindividualdifferencesisanindividualdifferenceitself?

ThePerson-SituationDebateWhatismoreimportantfordeterminingwhatpeopledo-personorsituation?

ThePerson-SituationDebateTwomainquestions:Doespersonalityentirelydependsonsituation?Areourordinaryintuitionsaboutpeoplefundamentallyflawed?

WalterMischel(1968):PersonalityandAssessment Hearguedthatbehavioristooinconsistentfromonesituationtothenexttoallowindividualdifferencestobecharacterizedaccuratelyintermsofbroadpersonalitytraits.

WalterMischel(1968):PersonalityandAssessment Hisargumentistri-partite 1.(a)Athoroughreviewofthepersonalityresearchliteraturerevealsthatthereisalimittohowwellonecanpredictwhatapersonwilldobaseduponanymeasurementofanyaspectofthatperson’spersonality;and(b)thisupperlimitisasmallupperlimit

WalterMischel(1968):PersonalityandAssessment Therefore,situations