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TheGoalConstructinSocialPsychology
AyeletFishbach
UniversityofChicago
and
MelissaJ.Ferguson
CornellUniversity
AchaptertoappearinKruglanskiA.W.HigginsT.E.(Eds.)SocialPsychology:Handbookof
BasicPrinciples.
2
Goalsconstitutethefocalpointsaroundwhichhumanbehaviorisorganized.Muchof
whatpeoplethinkabout,feel,anddo,revolvesaroundthegoalstheyaretryingtomeet,orthose
goalstheyhavealreadymetordismissed.Goalscaninfluencemajorlifedecisionssuchas
choosingone’scareerpath,aswellasmoremundaneeverydaychoices,suchaswhichbookto
read.Goalsguideone’sbehavioralresponsestothesocialenvironment,suchaswhetherone
respondstoaprovocationbybeingcompetitive,collaborative,orresigned,forinstance.And
goals,andthewaysinwhichpeoplepursuethem,alsodeterminepeople’sevaluations,moods,
andemotionalexperiencebothduringapursuit,andafterapursuithasbeencompletedor
abandoned.Thescholarshipongoalsinsocialpsychologyhasreflectedthecentralityofgoalsin
people’slives,andconsequentlythegoalconstructhasbeendefined,examined,andchallenged,
iteratively,throughoutalmosttheentirecenturyofempiricalpsychology(e.g.,Ach,1935;
Atkinson,1964;AustinVancouver,1996;Bandura,1986;Bargh,1990;CarverScheier,
1998;DeciRyan,1985;Gollwitzer,1990;Higgins,1997;James,1890;Kruglanski,1996;
Lewin,1926;LockeLatham,1990;Mischel,Cantor,Feldman,1996).
Inthecurrentchapter,wepropose
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