2007年托福考试全真试题测试.pdfVIP

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2007年托福考试全真试题测试

ReadingComprehension

clockfor55minutes.

Question1——10

T

hewordlaserwascoinedasanacronymforLightAmplificationby

theStimulated

emitted

spontaneously,whenatomsormoleculesgetridofexcessenergyby

themselves,without

occurswhenan

atomormoleculeholdingontoexcessenergyhasbeenstimulatedto

emititaslight.

AlbertEinsteinwasthefirsttosuggesttheexistenceofstimulated

emissionina

paperpublishedin1917.However,formanyyearsphysiciststhought

thatatomsand

moleculesalwaysweremuchmorelikelytoemitlightspontaneously

andthatstimulated

emissionthusalwayswouldbemuchweaker.Itwasnotuntilafterthe

SecondWorld

Warthatphysicistsbegantryingtomakestimulatedemission

dominate.Theysought

waysbywhichoneatomormoleculecouldstimulatemanyotherto

emitlight,

amplifyingittomuchhigherpowers.

ThefirsttosucceedwasCharlesH.Townes,thenatColombia

UniversityinNew

York.Insteadofworkingwithlight,however,heworkedwith

microwaves,whichhave

Microwave

AmplificationbytheStimulatedEmissionofRadiation.Althoughhe

thoughtofthe

yearslater.Before

long,manyotherphysicistswerebuildingmasersandtryingto

discoverhowtoproduce

stimulatedemissionatevenshorterwavelength.

Thekeyconceptsemergedabout1957.TownesandArthurSchawlow,

thenatBell

TelephoneLaboratories,wrotealongpaperoutliningtheconditions

neededtoamplify

stimulatedemissionofvisiblelightwaves.Ataboutthesametime,

similarideas

crystallizedinthemindofGordonGould,thena37-year-old

graduatestudentat

Columbia,whowrotethemdowninaseriesofnotebooks.Townes

andSchawlow

publishedtheirideasinascientificjournal,PhysicalReviewLetter,

butGouldfileda

deservesthecredit

fortheconceptofthelaser.

1.Theword“coin”inline1couldbereplac

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