托福阅读tpo65R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识.pdf

托福阅读TPO65R-2EarlyResearchonAir

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原文

EarlyResearchonAir

①Inthefieldofchemistry,theunderstandingoftheword“air”has

undergoneradicalchange.AirforJohnMayow,aseventeenth-century

chemist,wasessentiallyareceptacleforairborneparticles,and

throughthemmanifestedavarietyofchemicalproperties.But

althoughMayowandafewotherchemistsdiddetectspecificchemical

propertiesinwhatwecallgases(includingourcarbondioxide),most

chemistsleftthemunaccountedforuntilthebeginningofthe

eighteenthcentury.Aschemistsbecameawarethattheatmosphere

itself(andnotjustparticleswithinit)hadaroletoplayincombustion,

respiration,andotherreactions,theydidnotattributethistothe

chemicalpropertiesofairbutrathertosubstancesthataircould

absorbandreleaseaccordingtocircumstances.Thus,airprovideda

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physicalenvironmentinwhichsomereactionstookplace.

②Intheearly1700s,theairwaswidelyseenasjustsuchan

environment,and“air”and“theair”wereoneandthesamething.

Chemistswerenotinthehabitofregardingairsorgasesashaving

differentchemicalproperties.Therewassimplyair.Oneobvious

reasonforthiswaspractical.Chemistscouldexaminesolidsandliquids,

exposingthemtoavarietyoftestsandseeinghowtheycontributedto

assortedreactions.Chemistshad,however,nocomparablewayof

examiningair;andtheycametoviewchemistryasthesumtotalofthe

reactionsofsolidsandliquids,excludinggases.Chemistsstressed

chemicalqualitiesoverphysicalpropertieslikeweightandletphysicists

dealwithair.Chemistsgenerallydidnotexamineair,andtheydidnot

trytoweighit.Thatdoesnotmeanthatchemistsdidnotweigh

substances.Theydidalotofweighing,andpharmacists