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托福阅读TPO63R-3TheRomanEmpire
原文1
译文5
题目8
答案15
背景知识16
原文
TheRomanEmpire
①AftertheformationoftheRomanRepublicin509B.C.,theRomans
expandedthebordersoftheirrealmthroughnear-continuouswarfare.
Atitsgreatestextent,intheearlysecondcenturyA.D.,theRoman
EmpirereachedfromtheEuphratesRiverinsouthwestAsiatoScotland
intheWest.ThevastterritoryringedtheMediterraneanSea-mare
nostrum,or“oursea,”theRomanscalledit.AstheRomansabsorbed
thepeoplestheyconquered,theyimposedonthemalegal,
administrative,andculturalstructurethatenduredforsomefive
centuries—intheeasternMediterraneanuntilthefifteenthcentury
A.D.—andleftalastingmarkonthecivilizationsthatemergedin
Europe.
1
②Conqueringandmaintainingavastempirerequirednotonly
inspiredleadershipandtacticsbutalsocarefulplanning,massive
logisticalsupport,andgreatadministrativeskill.SomeofRomesmost
enduringcontributionstoWesterncivilization—itssystemoflaw,its
governmentalandadministrativestructures,anditssophisticatedcivil
engineeringandarchitecture-reflectthesequalities.
③Tofacilitatethedevelopmentandadministrationoftheempire,as
wellastomakecitylifecomfortableandattractivetoitscitizens,the
Romangovernmentundertookbuildingprogramsofunprecedented
scaleandcomplexity,mandatingtheconstructionofcentral
administrativeandlegalcenters(forumsandbasilicas),recreational
facilities(racetracksandstadiums),theaters,publicbaths,roads,
bridges,aqueducts(bridge-likestructuresforcarryingfreshwaterfrom
themountains),middle-classhousing,andevennewtowns.To
accomplishthesetaskswithoutsacrificingbeauty,efficiency,and
humanwell-being,Romanbuildersandarchitectsdevelopedrational
plansusing
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