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托福阅读TPO63R-2StructureandCompositionofComets
原文1
译文4
题目7
答案13
背景知识14
原文
StructureandCompositionofComets
①Astronomersnowhaveafairlygoodideaofwhatacometreallyis.
WhenitisfarfromtheSun,itisaverysmallobjectonlyafew
kilometersacross.Itconsistsmainlyofices(water,methane,ammonia)
withbitsofdustembeddedinit-akindofdirtyiceball.Asit
approachestheSun,radiationfromtheSunvaporizestheicymatter
andreleasessomeofthedust.Thisformsagigantichaloaroundthe
iceball.Thishalo-calledthecomaextendsouttensofthousandsof
kilometersfromtheicycore,whichisthenucleusofthecomet.
Sunlightreflectedoffthedustparticlesmakesthecomavisibleto
observersonEarth.UltravioletradiationfromtheSunbreaksdownthe
vapormoleculesintotheirconstituents.Thesecomponentscanbe
1
excitedbyabsorbingradiationfromtheSun.Inreturningto
lower-energystates,theexcitedatomsandionsemitlight,contributing
totheluminosityofthecoma.
②WhenthecometgetsevenclosertotheSun,oneofitsmost
spectacularpartsbeginstoform-thetail.Actually,therearetwokinds
oftails:thedusttailandtheiontail.Thedusttailisproducedbythe
lightfromtheSunreflectingoffthedustparticlesinthecoma.A
photoncarriesmomentum.Inbouncingoffadustparticle,itimpartsa
tiny,butperceptible,momentumchangetothedustparticle,drivingit
awayfromthecoma.Asthecometsweepsalongitsorbit,itleavesa
curvingtrailofdustbehindinitspath.Thisvisibledusttailcanextend
fortensorhundredsofmillionsofkilometersoutfromthenucleus.
Thedusttailischaracterizedbyitsgentlycurvingshapeandits
yellowishcolor.
③Adifferentmechanismisresponsiblefortheiontail.NeartheSun,
ultravioletradiationfromtheSun(solarwi
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