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托福阅读TPO64R-1CharacteristicsofPterosaurs
原文1
译文4
题目7
答案14
背景知识15
原文
CharacteristicsofPterosaurs
①Theextinctflyingreptilescalledpterosaurswerethesecondgroup
ofanimals(afterinsects)toevolveflight.Mostpterosaurswereabout
thesizeofmodernseagulls.Afewwereassmallassparrows,butsome
ofthelaterspecieswerethelargestflyinganimalsthathaveeverlived.
In1817TheodoreVonSoemmerringpublishedthefirstdescriptionofa
pterosaurfossil,andthinkingthatitwasthatofanunusualbatspecies,
hedrewhisreconstructionwithaverybatlikepostureandwing.His
earlyreconstructionofapterosaurhashauntedthepublicand
scientificperceptionofpterosaurseversince.Soemmerring’s
reconstructionisunderstandablegiventhathewasthefirsttotryto
describeapterosaur,thatfewnaturalistsofthetimeacceptedtheidea
ofmajorgroupsofextinctanimals,andthatbothpterosaurs’and
1
bats’wingsconsistofamembranesupportedbyenormously
elongatedfingerbones.Soemmerringshowedhispterosaurwiththe
laterallydirectedlegsandreorientedfeetofbatsandwiththewing
membranestretchingfromthearmandfingeralongthesidesofthe
bodyandlegsallthewaytotheankle.Thereconstructionalso
includedamembranestretchingbetweenthelegs,similartothatin
bats.Eventhoughotherscientistsdevelopedlessbatlikedescriptions
ofpterosaursinthelate1800s,thepopularliterature,andevensome
scientificliterature,continuedtodescribepterosaursasbatlikeintothe
1980s.
②Batsperchbyhangingupsidedownfromtreelimbsandroofsof
caves.Thoughmanyaresurprisinglyagileclimbers,batsaregenerally
awkwardwhencrawlingonlevelsurfaces.Didpterosaursalsohang
upsidedownandavoidlandingontheground?Untilrecently,some
paleontologiststhoughtthe
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