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PartThree
TheSeventeenthCentury
(1640-1688)
Chapter1:RevolutionandRestoration
一、SocialBackground
The17thcenturywasoneofthemosttempestuousperiodsinEnglishhistory.ConflictsandclashesappearedbetweentheKingandtheParliament,whichrepresentedthebourgeoisclass.
In1642,acivilwar(Englishrevolution)brokeoutbetweenCharlesIandtheparliament.Atlast,theroyalistsweredefeatedbytheparliamentarmyledbyOliverCromwell(1599-1658).In1649CharlesI(1600-1625-1649)wasbeheaded,andEnglandwasdeclaredtobeacommonwealth.
AfterthedeathofCromwell,theparliamentrecalledCharlesII(1630-1660-1685)toEnglandin1660andmonarchywasrestored,andthenfollowedtheRestorationPeriod.
In1688,thebourgeoisieinviteWilliam,princeofOrange(1650-1689-1702)fromHollandtobekingofEngland.ThisiscalledtheGloriousRevolution”.ThisbloodlesseventcompletedthebourgeoisierevolutionandmodemEnglandwasfirmlyestablished.
二、TheEnglishRevolutionandPuritanism
TheEnglishrevolutionwascarriedoutunderareligiouscloak.So,EnglishrevolutionalsocalledthePuritanrevolution.ThePuritanMovementaimedtomakemanhonestandtomakemanfree.
Puritanismwasthereligiousdoctrineoftherevolutionarybourgeoisieduringthisperiod.Itpreachedthrift,sobriety,hardwork,butwithverylittleextravagantenjoymentofthefruitsoflabor.Worldlypleasureswerecondemnedasharmful.Thiswaspreciselytheoutlookneededbythebourgeoisiefortheaccumulationofcapital.SointhetriumphofPuritanismunderCromwell,severelawswerepassed,manysimplepleasureswereforbiddenandanausterestandardoflivingwasforceduponanunwillingpeople.TheLondontheaterswereclosedin1642.
ThecriticismismadethatthewildoutbreakofimmortalitywhichfollowedtheRestorationwaspartlyduetotheunnaturalrestrictionofthePuritanera.Thecriticismwasjustbutwemustnotforgetthewholespiritof
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