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1AppendixC.ReviewofMemoryHierarchy
IntroductionCacheABCsCachePerformanceWritepolicyVirtualMemoryandTLB
2CPUvs.MemoryPerformanceTrendsRelativeperformance(vs.1980perf.)asafunctionofyearTheincreaseslowsdownafter2004,about20%peryear+7%/year+55%/year+35%/year
3CacheBasicsAcacheisa(hardwaremanaged)storage,intermediateinsize,speed,andcost-per-bitbetweentheprogrammer-visibleregisters(usuallySRAM)andmainphysicalmemory(usuallyDRAM),usedtohidememorylatencyThecacheitselfmaybeSRAMorfastDRAM.Theremaybe1levelsofcachesBasisforcachetowork:PrincipleofLocality Whenalocationisaccessed,itand“nearby”locationsarelikelytobeaccessedagainsoon.“Temporal”locality-Samelocationlikelyagainsoon.“Spatial”locality-Nearbylocationslikelysoon.
4CachePerformanceFormulasMemorystallsperprogram(blockingcache):CPUtimeformula:Morecacheperformancewillbegivenlater!
5FourBasicQuestionsConsiderlevelsinamemoryhierarchy.Formemory:byteaddressableForcaches:Useblock(orcalledline)fortheunitofdatatransfer;satisfyPrincipleofLocality.But,needtolocateblocksTransferbetweencachelevels,andthememoryTheleveldesignisdescribedbyfourbehaviors:BlockPlacement:Wherecouldanewblockbeplacedinthelevel?BlockIdentification:Howisablockfoundifitisinthelevel?BlockReplacement:Whichexistingblockshouldbereplacedifnecessary?WriteStrategy:Howarewritestotheblockhandled?
6BlockPlacementSchemes
7Direct-MappedPlacementAblockcanonlygointooneframeinthecacheDeterminedbyblock’saddress(inmemoryspace)Framenumberusuallygivenbysomelow-orderbitsofblockaddress.Thiscanalsobeexpressedas:(Framenumber)=
(Blockaddress)mod(Numberofframes(sets)incache)Notethatinadirect-mappedcache,blockplacementreplacementarebothcompletelydeterminedbytheaddressofthenewblockthatistobeaccessed.
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