自考-00832-英语词汇学-笔记(根据考纲标记重点) .pdf

functionalwords/emptywords虚词(on,of,and,be,but)

NativeWordsandBorrowedWords

Nativewords〔本语词):knownasAnglo-Saxonwords(50,000-60,000),arewords

broughttoBritaininthe5thcenturybytheGermanictribes,(mainstreamofthe

basicword-stocks).Twootherfeatures:(1)neutralinstyle(2)frequentinuse

Borrowedwords/Loanwords〔外来语词):wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguages.(80%

ofmodernEV)

4Typesofloanwords:

1)denizens(同化词)：(shirtfromskyrta(ON))

2)aliens〔非同化词/外来词):areborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginal

pronunciationandspelling(kowtow(CH)磕头)

3)translationloans(译借词)：按其他语言方式组成英语longtimenosee(fromChina)

4)semanticloans〔借义词)：theyarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,but

theirmeaningsareborrowed

Chapter2thedevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary

TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily(EfJ欧语系)

TheEightGroupsinIndo-EuropeanFamilyofLanguages〔8大印欧语群)

TheEasternset:

〔1)TheBalto-slavicGroup〔波罗的-斯拉夫语)：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czech

etc.

〔2)TheIndo-IranianGroup度-伊朗语)：Hindi,Bengali,Persianetc.

(3)TheArmenianGroup〔亚美尼亚语)：Armenian.

(4)TheAlbanianGroup〔阿尔巴尼亚语)：Albanian.

TheWesternset:

(5)TheHellenicGroup〔古希腊语):Greek.

(6)TheItalianGroup〔意大利语)：Latin,Romancelanguages(French,Italian,Spanish,

Portuguese,Romanian)etc.

(7)TheCelticGroup〔凯尔特语):Irish,Welsh,Bretonetc.

(8)TheGermanicGroup〔日耳曼语)：

Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian,Swedish,Danish,Icelandic)etc.

TheThreeStagesofDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary:

1OldEnglish(450-1100)(vocabulary50,000to60,000):wasIhighinflected

language.

2MiddleEnglish(1150-1500):retainesmuchfewerinflections

3ModernEnglish(1500-uptonow):infactmorethan25%ofmodernEwordscome

almostdirectlyfromclassicallanguages.InModernE,wordsendingsweremostly

lost