美国文学 超验主义 .ppt

NewEnglandTranscendentalism1

Importantterms(1)Transcendentalism:TranscendentalismisphilosophicalandliterarymovementthatflourishedinNewEnglandfromabout1836to1860.Itoriginatedamongasmallgroupofintellectualswhowerereactingagainsttheorthodoxy(正统的)ofCalvinismandtherationalismoftheUnitarianChurch(唯一神论教派),developinginsteadtheirownfaithcenteringonthedivinityofhumanityandthenaturalworld.2

Importantterms(1)TranscendentalismderivedsomeofitsbasicidealisticconceptsfromromanticGermanphilosophy,andfromsuchEnglishauthorsasColeridge,andWordsworth.ItsmysticalaspectswerepartlyinfluencedbyIndianandChinesereligiousteachings.3

Importantterms(1)Althoughtranscendentalismwasneverarigorouslysystematicphilosophy,ithadsomebasictenetsthatweregenerallysharedbyitsadherents.ThebeliefsthatGodisimmanentineachpersonandinnature(每人都有内在的神性)andthatindividualintuitionisthehighestsourceofknowledgeledtoanoptimisticemphasisonindividualism,self-reliance,andrejectionoftraditionalauthority.4

Importantterms(1)TheideasoftranscendentalismweremosteloquentlyexpressedbyRalphWaldoEmersoninsuchessaysasNature(1836),andSelf-RelianceandbyHenryDavidThoreauinhisbookWalden.5

Importantterms(2)Individualism:Individualismisamoral,political,andsocialphilosophy,whichemphasizesindividualliberty,theprimaryimportanceoftheindividual,andthe“virtuesofself-reliance”.Itassumesthatapersoncanbesociallyandculturallyfreeofupbringing.6

Importantterms(2)Individualismclaimstheabilitytooppose“authority”,andtoallmannerofcontrolsovertheindividual(反对一切压抑个人的支配行为),especiallywhenexercisedbythepoliticalstateor“society”.Itisthusdirectlyopposedtocollectivism(集体主义),socialpsychologyandsociology,whichconsidertheindividual’srapporttothesocietyorcommunity.7

Importantterms(3)AmericanRenaiss