材料科学英语Unit 1 Lecture 2 An introduction to materials science.ppt

AnintroductiontomaterialsscienceUnit1Unit1AnintroductiontomaterialsscienceWhatarematerials?Unit1Listfivecommonlyencounteredengineeringmaterials.2Whatareclassificationsofmaterials?Materialisasubstance,especiallyoneusedforaparticularpurpose.Forexample,metals,metalalloys,plastics,glass,stone,alumina,etc.MetallicmaterialOrganicmaterialInorganicnon-metallicmaterialCompositesAnintroductiontomaterialsscience3Unit1AnintroductiontomaterialsscienceMaterialobjectsareessentiallysubstancesthathumansusetobuildthings,includingsolids,liquids,andgases.ThehistoryofmaterialsscienceandengineeringhadalreadybegunintheStoneAgewhenstones,wood,clay,andleatherbegantobemanipulated.IntheBronzeAge,mankinddiscoveredthevalueoftemperatureandusedittomodifymaterialsbythermaltreatmentsorbyaddingothersubstances.Untiltheendofthe19thcentury.MaterialssciencebeganwiththeappearanceofMendeleev’speriodictable（门捷列夫周期表）.AnintroductiontomaterialsscienceUnit11AnintroductiontomaterialsscienceUnit11Unit11Unit1Materials“Drive”ourSociety!Unit1StoneAgeBronzeAgeIronAgeSteelAgeNon-FerrousPolymerAgeExoticMaterialsAge?specialrocks,skins,woodCastingforgingHighTemperaturefurnacesHighStrengthAlloysAluminum,TitaniumandNickel(superalloys)SiliconPlasticsandCompositesNano-Materialbio-Materials4对材料的选择通常可以定义一个时代。例如石器时代、青铜时代、铁器时代和钢铁时代。材料科学最初源于陶瓷制造和冶金(metallurgy)，是一门历史悠久的工程和应用科学。现代材料科学直接受益于冶金，而冶金本身又受益于采矿、制陶和火的使用。现代材料科学的很多要素都是太空竞赛的产物。例如，利用对金属合金、硅(silica)和碳材料的了解和应用来建造空间飞行器，从而实现对太空的探索。材料科学推动了革命性的技术如塑料、半导体、生物材料技术的发展，同时受益于这些技术，材料科学本身也得到了发展。4