托福（阅读）模拟试卷1（共254题）.pdfVIP

托福(阅读)模拟试卷1(共9套)

(共254题)

托福(阅读)模拟试卷第1套

一、阅读题(本题共30题，每题1.0分，共30分。)

HABITATSELECTION(1)Researcherswhostudyhabitatselectionhaeproposed

ariousmodelsfortheprocess.MarinebiologistPeterF.Salehypothesizedtheexistence

ofasimplemechanismofhabitatselectioninfishthatisbasedonleelsofexploratory

behaior.Senseorgansmonitorspecificstimuliintheenironmentandsenda

summationofpertinentstimulibacktocentral-nerous-systemcenters,whichregulate

theamountofexploration.Astheconstellationofcuesapproachessomeoptimumleel,

exploratorybehaiorceasesandtheanimalstayswhereitis.(2)Analternatie

hypothesisisthatananimalhasacognitiemapoftheidealhabitatandthatitsbehaior

isgoal-directed.Howeer,workingwithaspeciesofsurgeonfish.Saletestedjuenilesin

laboratorytankswithariouswaterdepthsandbottomcoersunderwhichfishcould

hide.Explorationtimewasleastinthetankwithshallowwaterandbottomcoerand

highestinthetankwithshallowwaterandnobottomcoer.Inchoicetestsandfield

obserations,mostfishpreferredshallowareaswithbottomcoer.Thus,Saleconcluded,

thereisnoneedtosuggesttheinheritanceofcomplexcognitiemapsandgoal-directed

behaiors,rather,theanimalsimplymoesaroundmoreinanunsuitablehabitatandless

inasuitableone.(3)Salesmodelstilldoesnotexplainhowtheanimalknowswhatis

suitableandwhatisnot,orhowstimulifrommultiplecuesareintegrated.Nordoesit

explaintheroleofphotopcriod(thedurationoftheanimalsdailyexposuretosunlight)in

theresponseofdark-eyedjuncostophotographsoftheirnat