精心整理全套英语专业语言学课程课件-期末考试必备语言学Chapter-2-sound.pptVIP

ChapterTwoSpeechSounds

PhoneticsStudyofSpeechSoundPhonology

Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.

ArticulatoryPhoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.AcousticPhoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.PerceptualorAuditoryPhoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.

Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages,morespecificallyistostudytherulesgoverningthestructure,distributionandsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.Itaimsto“discovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur’.Takeanindividuallanguage,sayEnglish,asanexample,todetermineitsphonologicalstructure,i.e.whichsoundunitsareusedandhowtheyareputtogether.Thencomparethepropertiesofsoundsystemsindifferentlanguagesinordertomakehypothesesabouttherulesthatunderlietheuseofsoundsinthem,andultimatelyweaimtodiscovertherulesthatunderliethesoundpatternsofalllanguages.

1.Howspeechsoundsaremade1.1Speechorgans(vocalorgans)

ThreeCavitiesofVocalTract

Soundsmadewithdifferentpartsofthetongue:Coronal(tipandblade):/t/,/d/,/s/,/z/,/θ/Dorsal(frontandback):/k/,/g/,/?/Radical(root):/h/

Positionofthevocalfolds:voiceless

Positionofthevocalfolds:voicing(initialthewidestaparting)VoicedSoundsVoicelessSounds

Positionofthevocalfolds:

glottalstop

1.2TheIPAIn1886,thePhoneticTeachers’AssociationwasfoundedItwaschangedtoitspresenttitleoftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation(IPA)in1897.OneofthefirstactivitiesoftheAssociationwastoproduceajournalinwhichthecontentswereprintedentirelyinphonetictranscription.

Theideaofestablishingaphone