中南大学《离散数学》课件-第8章（英文版）.ppt

GroupTheoryCopyright2007@byXuDeZhi1

AgendaSemigroupMonoidGroupPropertiesofgroupProductgroupQuotientgroupCopyright2007@byXuDeZhi2

Copyright2007@byXuDeZhi3SemigroupDefinition1AnASG,{⊙}isasemigroupif:?a,b,c∈G,a⊙(b⊙c)=(a⊙b)⊙cassociativity?a,b∈G,a⊙b=b⊙acommutative(orAbellian)|G|iscalledtherankofG.Gisfiniteif|G|?0,otherwiseinfinite.

MonoidandGroupDefinition2AsemigroupG,⊙isamonoidif?e∈G,?a∈G,e⊙a=a⊙e=a.Sucheiscalledidentity.Definition3AmonoidG,⊙isagroupif?a∈G,?a-1∈G,a-1⊙a=a⊙a-1=e.Usuallysucha-1iscalledtheinverseofa.AgroupisUsuallyabbreviatedbyG,⊙orGsometimeswhenwedonotintendtoemphasizetheoperation.Copyright2007@byXuDeZhi4

Copyright2007@byXuDeZhi5GroupDefinitionofGroupindifferentwayAgroupisanon-emptysetGtogetherwithanassociativebinaryoperation×suchthat?e?G,?α?G,?e×α=α×e=α?α?G,?β?G,?α×β=β×α=eβistheinverseofα.Sincetheinverseisunique,thenwedenotetheinverseofαasα-1

Copyright2007@byXuDeZhi6ExamplesofgroupTheintegersunderadditionformagroup.Theidentityelementis0andtheinverseofnis-n.Therationalnumbers,realnumbersandcomplexnumbersformgroupsunderaddition.Theinvertiblen?nmatriceswithentriesintherealnumbersformagroupundermatrixmultiplication.

ExamplesofgroupAfinitesetoffourelementswiththebinaryoperationdefinedbythefollowingtableisagroup.Copyright2007@byXuDeZhi7*abcdaabcdbbadcccdabddcba

Copyright2007@byXuDeZhi8PropertiesofGroupProperty1IfGisamonoid,thenidentityeisunique.ProofSupposethate’isanotheridentity,thene=ee’=e’Property2IfGisagroup,then?c∈G,cc=c→c=e?a,b,c∈G,ab=ac→b=c,andba=ca→b=c

Copyright2007@byXuDeZhi9Prooffor①cc=c?c-1(cc)=c-1c?(c-1c)?(c-1c)c)=e?ec=e?c=eProoffor②ab=ac?a-1(ab)=a-1(ac)?(a-1a)b=(a-1a)c?eb=ec?b=cPropertiesofGroup

Copyright2007@byXuDeZhi10PropertiesofG