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InfiniteSet
Copyright2007@byXuDezhi2AgendaCountableUncountable
Copyright2007@byXuDezhi3CardinalityRevisitedRecallthatforafinitesetA={a1,…,an},thecardinalityofAissimplythenumberofmemberswhichAhas.Inthiscase|A|=nForinfinitesetsthenotionofcardinalityismorecomplex.But,iftwoinfinitesetsAandBareisomorphic,thensurely|A|=|B|
Copyright2007@byXuDezhi4CardinalityRevisitedInotherwords,ifwecanfindabijectionf:A?B,then|A|=|B|Because,inthiscaseBisjustA‘withdifferentlabels’
Copyright2007@byXuDezhi5CountableSetsPerhapsthesimplestinfinitesetisthesetofnaturalnumbersN={0,1,2,3,…}Example:ifn?NthenwecantalkaboutthenextbiggestmemberofN,i.e.n+1ThesameisnottrueoftherealnumbersRoreventherationalnumbersQGivenanyn?N,wealsoknowthatbycountingthroughthenumbers,startingat0,wewilleventuallyreachn.WecancountN
Copyright2007@byXuDezhi6CountabilityAsetAiscalledcountableifitisisomorphicwithNi.eAiscountableifthereexistsabijectionf:N?AThecardinalityofN,|N|,isdenotedby?0–pronouncedalephzero
Copyright2007@byXuDezhi7CountabilityofZItiseasytoshowthatthesetZofintegersiscountable.Remember,Z={…,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,…}E.g.:definef:N?Zby:
Copyright2007@byXuDezhi8CountabilityofZClaim:fisabijectionfis1-1 Supposef(m)=f(n).Iff(m)=f(n)ispositive,thenm=2f(m)=2f(n)=n.Iff(m)=f(n)isnegative,thenm=2f(m)-1=2f(n)-1=nfisonto,bydefinitionHencefisabijectionSo,Ziscountable,and|Z|=?0
Copyright2007@byXuDezhi9CountabilityofQItisnotsurprisingthatZiscountableAmuchmoresurprisingresult,demonstratedbythemathematicianGeorgeCantor,isthatQiscountableThisiscounter-intuitive,butitistrue.Inotherwords,insomesensethereare‘nomore’rationalnumbersthantherearenaturalnumbers.
Copyright2007@byXuDezhi10Cantor’sProofoftheCountabili
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