《计算机图形学》11 粒子系统-英文教学课件（非AI生成）.ppt

ParticleSystems1

IntroductionMostimportantofproceduralmethodsUsedtomodelNaturalphenomenaCloudsTerrainPlantsCrowdScenesRealphysicalprocesses2

NewtonianParticleParticlesystemisasetofparticlesEachparticleisanidealpointmassSixdegreesoffreedomPositionVelocityEachparticleobeysNewtons’lawf=ma3

ParticleEquationspi=(xi,yi,zi)vi=dpi/dt=pi‘=(dxi/dt,dyi/dt,zi/dt)mvi‘=fiHardpartisdefiningforcevector4

ForceVectorIndependentParticlesO(n)GravityWindforcesCoupledParticlesO(n)MeshesSpring-MassSystemsCoupledParticlesO(n2)Attractiveandrepulsiveforces5

SolutionofParticleSystemsfloattime,deltastate[6n],force[3n];state=initial_state();for(time=t0;timefinal_time,time+=delta){force=force_function(state,time);state=ode(force,state,time,delta);render(state,time)}6

SimpleForcesConsiderforceonparticleifi=fi(pi,vi)Gravityfi=ggi=(0,-g,0)WindforcesDragpi(t0),vi(t0)7

MeshesConnecteachparticletoitsclosestneighborsO(n)forcecalculationUsespring-masssystem8

SpringForcesAssumeeachparticlehasunitmassandisconnectedtoitsneighbor(s)byaspringHooke’slaw:forceproportionaltodistance(d=||p–q||)betweenthepoints9

Hooke’sLawLetsbethedistancewhenthereisnoforcef=-ks(|d|-s)d/|d|ksisthespringconstantd/|d|isaunitvectorpointedfromptoqEachinteriorpointinmeshhasfourforcesappliedtoit10

SpringDampingApurespring-masswilloscillateforeverMustaddadampingtermf=-(ks(|d|-s)+kdd·d/|d|)d/|d|Mustprojectvelocity·11

AttractionandRepulsionInversesquarelawf=-krd/|d|3GeneralcaserequiresO(n2)calculationInmostproblems,thedropoffissuchthatnotmanyparticlescontributetotheforcesonanygivenparticleSortingproblem:isO(nlogn)12

BoxesSpatialsubdivisiontechniqueDividespaceintoboxesParticlecanonlyinteractwithparticlesinitsboxortheneighborin