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3TheVectorSpaceRn3.2VectorspacePropertiesofRn3.3ExamplesofSubspaces3.4BasesforSubspaces3.5Dimension3.6OrthogonalBasesforSubspacesCoreSections

Inmathematicsandthephysicalsciences,thetermvectorisappliedtoawidevarietyofobjects.Perhapsthemostfamiliarapplicationofthetermistoquantities,suchasforceandvelocity,thathavebothmagnitudeanddirection.Suchvectorscanberepresentedintwospaceorinthreespaceasdirectedlinesegmentsorarrows.Aswewillseeinchapter5,thetermvectormayalsobeusedtodescribeobjectssuchasmatrices,polynomials,andcontinuousreal-valuedfunctions.3.1Introduction

InthissectionwedemonstratethatRn,thesetofn-dimensionalvectors,providesanaturalbridgebetweentheintuitiveandnaturalconceptofageometricvectorandthatofanabstractvectorinageneralvectorspace.

3.2VECTORSPACEPROPERTIESOFRn

TheDefinitionofSubspacesofRnAsubsetWofRnisasubspaceofRnifandonlyifthefollowingconditionsaremet:(s1)*Thezerovector,θ,isinW.(s2)X+YisinWwheneverXandYareinW.(s3)aXisinWwheneverXisinWandaisanyscalar.

Example1:LetWbethesubsetofR3definedbyVerifythatWisasubspaceofR3andgiveageometricinterpretationofW.Solution:

Step1.AnalgebraicspecificationforthesubsetWisgiven,andthisspecificationservesasatestfordeterminingwhetheravectorinRnisorisnotinW.Step2.Testthezerovector,θ,ofRntoseewhetheritsatisfiesthealgebraicspecificationrequiredtobeinW.(ThisshowsthatWisnonempty.)VerifyingthatWisasubspaceofRn

Step3.ChoosetwoarbitraryvectorsXandYfromW.ThusXandYareinRn,andbothvectorssatisfythealgebraicspecificationofW.Step4.TestthesumX+YtoseewhetheritmeetsthespecificationofW.Step5.Foranarbitraryscalar,a,testthescalarmultipleaXtoseewhetheritmeetsth