世界银行-增值税豁免、嵌入税和意外后果（英）-2025.5-33页.pdfVIP

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uVATExemptions,EmbeddedTax,

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iandUnintendedConsequences

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WilliamChandler

AlastairThomas

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eFrédéricTremblay

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EconomicPolicyGlobalDepartment

May2025

PolicyResearchWorkingPaper11120

Abstract

Thevalue-addedtax(VAT)hasprovedtobeahighlyeffec-exemptionssufferfromthesametargetingproblemsas

tivetoolatraisingrevenueindevelopedanddevelopingreducedVATrates,but,inaddition,theyarenon-transpar-

countriesalike.However,theeffectiveoperationoftheVATentandhaveunpredictableandcounterproductiveindirect

breaksdowninthepresenceofexemptions.Unlikezeroeffects.Theseeffectsareinadditiontothewell-knowndis-

rates,exemptionsdenyinputtaxcredits,therebyincreasingtortionaryimpactofexemptionsonproductiondecisions,

productioncostsandresultinginVATbeingembeddedandtheircreationofincentivestoself-supply.Thepaper

withinthepricesofgoodsandservices.Thispaperdevelopsconcludesthattheuseofexemptionsshouldbelimitedto

aVATmodelbasedoninput-outputtableandhouseholdaddressingpragmaticconcerns,suchasthedisproportion-

budgetsurveydat