论证缺陷与证据分析：批判性思维中逻辑与推理.pdfVIP

名词

Argument/conclusion/forecast/prediction/expectation/editorial/reasoning/inference

Statistics/data/study/survey/information/evidence

Flaw/rejoinder/obstacle/

形容词

Questionable/misleading/hasty/presumptuous/problematic/unacceptable/fallacious/biased/unreliab

le/defective/inquestion/ill-founded/unsupported/unconvincing/gratuitous/dubious

Critical/egregious/

Alleged/

(充分)Conclusiveasto..(必要)

动词

Recommend/assume/conclude/demonstrate/indicate/address/foretell/forecast/substantiate/account

forr/

Fail/ignore/overlook

Nullify/

Justify/

Relyon/reston/onthebasisof/

副词

Entirely/extremely/dramatically/quite

Virtually/

Necessarily/safely/obviously

Unreasonably/unjustifiably/

Bynomeans

连接信号词

提出weaken的evidence:Justaslikely/forinstance/Itisentirelypossible

that/may/might/perhaps..orperhaps/yetanotherpossibilityisthat…./…mighthave….;..might

have…;or…mighthve…/Supposeforthemomentthat…

Inshort/

Forthisreason/Ifso../asaresult

Intheabsenseof/withoutsuchevidence/If,ontheotherhand,….would….

Itisunfairtoassume

Evenifitisgrantedthat…,theargumentignoresthepossibilitythat…

Evenifwegranttheprecedingassumption…

开头

(1)提出方法与建议的Inthiseditorial,theauthorarguesfor…inorderto….

某方法Inthismemorandum,…recommendsagainst.

从到结果的Inthisarticle(..),theauthorconcludesthat…

从结果推的Inthisarticle(….),theauthorattributes..to…

(2)Accordingtotheauthor,theconclusionisbasedonastudyrevealingthat…..

(3)Moreover,insupportofthisconclusion,theauthormaintains/reasonsthat…

(4)Author’slineofreasoningisflawedforthefollowingreasons.

名词

论证/结论/预测/预测/期望//推理/推论统计/数据/研究//信息/