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外文文献翻译

ReinforcedConcrete

Concreteandreinforcedconcreteareusedasbuildingmaterialsin

everycountry.Inmany,includingtheUnitedStatesandCanada,reinforced

concreteisadominantstructuralmaterialinengineeredconstruction.

Theuniversalnatureofreinforcedconcreteconstructionstemsfromthe

wideavailabilityofreinforcingbarsandtheconstituentsofconcrete,

gravel,sand,andcement,therelativelysimpleskillsrequiredin

concreteconstruction,andtheeconomyofreinforcedconcretecompared

tootherformsofconstruction.Concreteandreinforcedconcreteareused

inbridges,buildingsofallsortsundergroundstructures,watertanks,

televisiontowers,offshoreoilexplorationandproductionstructures,

dams,andeveninships.

Reinforcedconcretestructuresmaybecast-in-placeconcrete,

constructedintheirfinallocation,ortheymaybeprecastconcrete

producedinafactoryanderectedattheconstructionsite.Concrete

structuresmaybesevereandfunctionalindesign,ortheshapeandlayout

andbewhimsicalandartistic.Fewotherbuildingmaterialsoffthe

architectandengineersuchversatilityandscope.

Concreteisstrongincompressionbutweakintension.Asaresult,

cracksdevelopwheneverloads,orrestrainedshrinkageoftemperature

changes,giverisetotensilestressesinexcessofthetensilestrength

oftheconcrete.Inaplainconcretebeam,themomentsabouttheneutral

axisduetoappliedloadsareresistedbyaninternaltension-compression

coupleinvolvingtensionintheconcrete.Suchabeamfailsverysuddenly

andcompletelywhenthefirstcrackforms.Inareinforcedconcretebeam,

steelbarsareembeddedintheconcreteinsuchawaythatthetension

forcesneededformomentequilibriumaftertheconcretecrackscanbe

developedinthebars.

Theconstructionofareinforcedconcretememberinvolvesbu