《行为科学统计精要，8e》 PPT gwE8Ch06.pptxVIP

06

Chapter6

Probability

PowerPointLectureSlides

EssentialsofStatisticsforthe

BehavioralSciences

EighthEdition

byFrederickJ.GravetterandLarryB.Wallnau

1·Understanddefinitionofprobability

2·Explainassumptionsofrandomsampling

3·Useunitnormaltabletofindprobabilities

4·Useunitnormaltabletofindscoresforgivenproportion

5·Findpercentilesandpercentilerankinnormaldistribution

Chapter6LearningOutcomes

06

Chapter

06ToolsYouWillNeed

·Proportions(MathReview,AppendixA)

—Fractions

-Decimals

-Percentages

·Basicalgebra(MathReview,AppendixA)

·Z-scores(Chapter5)

066.1IntroductiontoProbability

Chapter

·Researchbeginswithaquestionaboutanentirepopulation.

·Actualresearchisconductedusingasample.

·Inferentialstatisticsusesampledatatoanswerquestionsaboutthepopulation

·Relationshipsbetweensamplesandpopulationsaredefinedintermsofprobability

Figure6.1Roleofprobability

ininferentialstatistics

INFERENTIALSTATISTICS

PROBABILITY

Population

Sample

·Severaldifferentoutcomesarepossible

·Theprobabilityofanyspecificoutcomeisafractionorproportionofallpossible

outcomes

probabilityofA=numberofoutcomesclassifiedasAtotalnumberofpossibleoutcomes

DefinitionofProbability

06

Chapter

06ProbabilityNotation

Chapter

·pisthesymbolfor“probability”

·Probabilityofsomespecificoutcomeisspecifiedbyp(event)

·Sotheprobabilityofdrawingaredacefromastandarddeckofplayingcardscouldbesymbolizedasp(redace)

·Probabilitiesarealwaysproportions

·p(redace)=2/52≈0.03846(proportionis2redacesoutof52cards)

(Independent)

·Aprocessorprocedureusedtodrawsamples

●Requiredforourdefinitionofprobabilitytobeaccurate

·TheIndependentmodifierisgener