管理学原理第一讲导论.ppt

4.3Thecontingencyapproach权变方法具体问题具体分析Itinvolvesrecognizing发现andresponding回应tosituationalvariables条件变量astheyarise.Ithasbeenusedinrecentyearstoreplacesimplisticprinciplesofmanagementandtointegratemuchofmanagementtheory.第62页，共106页，星期日，2025年，2月5日5.CURRENTTRENDSANDISSUESAnumberoftrendsandissuesarechangingthewaymanagersdotheirjobs.A.Workforcediversity（劳动力多元化）referstoemployeesinorganizationswhoareheterogeneousintermsofgender,race,ethnicityorothercharacteristics.Thechallengeformanagersistomaketheirorganizationsmoreaccommodatingtodiversegroupsofpeoplebyaddressingdifferentlifestyles,familyneeds,andworkstyles.第63页，共106页，星期日，2025年，2月5日B.ManagerialEthics（伦理）andtheperceiveddeclineinethicalstandardsarereceivingmuchattention.Behaviorsthatoncewerethoughttobedisgraceful,unfortunatelyhavebecometomanybusinesspeople,acceptableornecessarybusinesspractices.第64页，共106页，星期日，2025年，2月5日C.Stimulatinginnovationandchange创新与变革激励Ithasbecomeacriticalactivityformanagers.Thereexistsanenvironmentinwhichchangeistakingplaceatanunprecedentedpace.Manyofthepastguidelines,createdforamorestableandpredictableworld,nolongerapply.第65页，共106页，星期日，2025年，2月5日D.Totalqualitymanagement（全面质量管理）isaphilosophyofmanagementthatisdrivenbycustomerneedsandexpectations.(1).TQMwasinspiredbyasmallgroupofqualityexperts,chiefamongthemanAmericannamedW.EdwardsDeming.(2).TQMrepresentsacounterpointtoearliermanagementtheoristswhobelievedthatlowcostsweretheonlyroadtoincreasedproductivity.(3).TheobjectiveofTQMistocreateanorganizationcommittedto致力于continuousimprovement持续改进.第66页，共106页，星期日，2025年，2月5日E.Re-engineering（流程再造－强调disruptiveimprovement彻底改进）isatermcoinedbyformerMITcomputerscienceprofessor,MichaelHammer,thatreferstoaradicalredesignofallorpartofacompany’swor