从石墨到铅笔：书写工具历史与演变.pdfVIP

HistoryofPensWritingInstruments

PencilandEraserTrivia

Graphiteisaformofcarbon,firstdiscoveredintheSeathwaiteValleyon

thesideofthemountainSeathwaiteFellinBorrowdale,nearKeswick,

England,about1564byanunknown.Shortlyafterthisthefirst

pencilsweremadeinthesamearea.

ThebreakthroughinpenciltechnologycamewhenFrenchchemistNicolas

Contedevelopedandpatentedtheprocessusedtomakepencilsin1795.

Heusedamixtureofclayandgraphitethatwasfiredbeforeitwasputina

woodencase.Thepencilshemadewerecylindricalwithaslot.Thesquare

leadwasgluedintotheslotandathinstripofwoodwasusedtofilltherest

oftheslot.PencilsgottheirnamefromtheoldEnglishwordmeaning

brush.Contesmethodofkilnfiringpowderedgraphiteandclayallowed

pencilstobemadetoanyhardnessorsoftness-veryimportanttoartists

anddraftsmen.

CharMariedelaCondamine,aFrenchscientistandexplorer,wasthe

firstEuropeantobringbackthenaturalsubstancecalledrubber.He

broughtasampletotheInstitutedeFranceinParisin1736.South

Americanntribesusedrubbertomakingbouncingyingballsand

asanadhesiveforattachingfeathersandotherobjectstotheirbodies.

In1770,thenotedscientistSirJosephPriestley(discovererofoxygen)

recordedthefollowing,Ihaveseenasubstanceexcellentlyadaptedto

钢笔和书写工具的

P铅笔和橡皮擦琐事

石墨是碳的一种形式，大约于1564年由一位不明的人首次在英

国凯瑟克附近博罗代尔的SeathwaiteFell山侧的Seathwaite山

谷中发现。不久，第一支铅笔在同一地区诞生。

1795年，法国化学家尼古拉斯·孔特(NicolasConte)开发了铅笔

制造工艺并获得了专利，铅笔技术取得了突破。他使用了粘土和石墨

的混合物，在将其放入木盒之前进行烧制。他制作的铅笔是圆柱形

的，有一个槽。将方铅粘在槽中，并用细木条填充槽的其余部分。铅