2025年东南欧大学生数学竞赛试题真题(含参考答案).docxVIP

2025年东南欧大学生数学竞赛试题真题

Problem1.LetAbeann×nmatrixwithstrictlypositiveelementsandtwovectors

Au=v??and??Av=u.

Provethatu=v

Problem2.Calculate

lim

Problem3.LetA∈Mn(?)suchthatA?

Problem4.Letanbeamonotonedecreasingsequenceofrealnumbersthatconvergesto0.Provethatn=1∞an

参考答案

Problem1:

Solution

CaseI.Thevectors?u,

Insuchcasethereexistsaλ0,suchthatv

λ

andhenceλ2=1,andasλ0,then

CaseII.Thevectorsu,

Letu=(u1

t

Clearly,ui?≥?tvi,foralli=1,…,nAlsothereexistk,?∈{1,2,...,n},suchthatuk=tvkandu?tv

A

Nevertheless,alltheelementsofthematrixA2arepositive,andsincealltheelementsofwarenon-negative,withatleastoneofthempositive,thenthevectorA2wshouldhaveonlypositiveelements.Contradiction,sincew=

Problem2:Calculate

lim

SolutionI.

ThelimitequalseWehave,basedonTaylor’sformula,that?x

e

Thepreviousequalityimpliesthat

x

whichinturnshowsthat

x

Itfollows,byintegration,that

n

Equivalently

n

whereΓdenotestheGammafunction.

Tocalculatethepreviousintegralwechangevariablesx1?

0

Thus,

n

Passingtothelimit,asn→∞,inthepreviousinequalitiesandhavinginviewthattheGammafunctioniscontinuouson(0,∞),Γ(2)=1andthatwegetthatthedesiredlimitequalseandtheproblemissolved.

SolutionII.

Thelimitequalse

Firstweprovethatifx∈

e

LetIn=0xyne?ydyWecalculatetheintegralby

I

ItfoloyshatInn!=?x

I

sinceI0=1?e?x,andformula

Wehave,basedon(1),that

n

Weprovethatlimn→∞n0xyn

n

Passingtothelimitinferiorandlimitsuperiorinthepreviousinequalitieswehavethat

Weletε→0inthe

lim

Nowweprovethat

lim

Letfn(x)=n0xyne?ydye?x

f

andsincethefunctionx→xe?x

lim

wherethelastequalityfollowsbyusingintegrationbyparts.

Wehave,sincelimn→∞nn!n!=ethat

Remark.Theproblemhasthefollowinggeneralization:ifk≥0isaninteger,thenthe

lim

Problem3:LetA∈Mn(?)suchthatA?A2=A

SolutionWewillshowthatker(A

Letx∈ker(A?

?et?x∈ker(A2)?

S