语言学教程LanguageinUse课件.pptxVIP

ChapterEight

LanguageinUse;;1.DefinitionofPragmatics;Speaker’smeaning

(Afatheristryingtogethis3-year-olddaughtertostopliftingupherdresstodisplayhernewunderweartotheassemble.)

Father: Wedon’tDOthat.

Daughter: IKNOW,Daddy.

Youdon’tWEARdresses.

;UtteranceMeaningvs.SentenceMeaning

Utterancevs.Sentence

Sentence:abstractunitsofthelanguagesystem.

Utterance:unitsoflanguageinuse.

;Sentencemeaning:WhatdoesXmean?

Utterancemeaning:WhatdoyoumeanbyX?

Dog!

Mybagisheavy.

“Janet!Donkeys!”(DavidCopperfield);It’scoldinhere.

;ContextualMeaning:meaningincontext

Themeaningofthesentencedependsonwhothespeakeris,whotheheareris,whenandwhereitisused.

ItwasahotChristmasdaysowewentdowntothebeachintheafternoonandhadagoodtimeswimmingandsurfing.;Semanticmeaning:themoreconstant,inherentsideofmeaning

Pragmaticmeaning:themoreindeterminate,themorecloselyrelatedtocontext

;1.A:Areyougoingtotheseminar?

B:It’sonlinguistics.

2.A:Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?

B:Coffeewouldkeepmeawake.;2.SpeechActTheory;Constativesvs.performatives

Constatives:utteranceswhichroughlyservestostateafact,reportthatsomethingisthecase,ordescribewhatsomethingis,eg:

IgototheparkeverySunday.

IteachEnglish.;Performatives:utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.

Performativeverbs:name,bet,etc.;Ido.

InamethisshipQueenElizabeth.

Ibetyousixpenceitwillraintomorrow.

Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother.

Ipromisetofinishitintime.

Iapologize.

Ideclarethemeetingopen.

Iwarnyouthatthebullwillcharge.;Felicityconditions:

A.(i)Theremustbearelevantconventionalprocedure.

(ii)therelevantparticipantsan