金属锻造.ppt

DIE MATERIALS AND LUBRICATION Die Materials. Most forging operations, particularly for large parts, are carried out at elevated temperatures. General requirements for die materials therefore are (a) strength and toughness at elevated temperatures, 高温下的强度和刚度 (b) hardenability and ability to harden uniformly, 淬透性 (c) resistance to mechanical and thermal shock, 抗机械和热冲击性能 (d) wear resistance, particularly resistance to abrasive wear, 耐磨性 lubrication润滑 Lubricants greatly influence friction and wear; consequently, they affect the forces required and the flow of the metal in die cavities. A wide variety of lubricants can be used in forging. For hot forging, graphite（石磨）, molybdenum disulfide（二硫化钼）, and sometimes glass are used. For cold forging, mineral oils and soaps are common lubricants. In hot forging, the lubricant is usually applied directly to the dies; in cold forging, it is applied to the workpiece. The method of application and the uniformity of the lubricants thickness on the blank are important to product quality. Forgeability 可锻性 Forgeability is generally defined as the capability of a material to undergo deformation without cracking. A number of tests have been developed to quantify forgeability, although none is accepted universally. A commonly used test is to upset a solid cylindrical specimen and observe any cracking on the barreled surfaces (see Fig. 2.19d); the greater the deformation prior to cracking, the greater the forgeability of the metal. Classification of Metals in Decreasing Order of Forgeablilty Forging Defects In addition to surface cracking during forging, other defects can develop as a result of the material Bow pattern in the die. If there is an insufficient volume of material to fill the die cavity, the web may buckle皱折 during forging and develop laps重迭 (Fig. 14.20a). On the other hand, if the web金属簿条 is thick, the excess material flows past the already formed portions of the forging and develops interual cracks (Fig. 14.20b). D