Genetic analysis of population课件.ppt

Genetic analysis of population Definitions Population: a group of interbreeding individuals Genotypic frequency: The frequency of a specific genotype in a given population (AA, Aa, aa) Allele frequency: The frequency of a specific allele within a given population Gene pool: The collective gene frequencies of a specific population Genetic variation Changes in the DNA sequence of a gene produce genetic variation. Experiments indicate all natural populations contain a great deal of genetic variation. Genotype and allele frequencies Genotype and allele frequencies are the “genotype” of a population. Frequencies of three genotypes: AA (100) Aa (250) aa (50) f(AA) = #AA/total = 100/400 = .250 (P) f(Aa) = #Aa/total = 250/400 = .625 (H) f(aa) = #aa/total = 50/400 = .125 (Q) Allele frequencies Allele frequencies are used to describe populations. Frequencies of alleles of one gene: AA (100) Aa (250) aa (50) p = f(A) = (2AA + Aa)/ 2total = (200 + 250)/800 = .5625 q = f(a) = (2aa + Aa)/ 2total = (100 + 250)/800 = .4375 p + q = 1 Hardy-Weinberg Law Assumptions: Infinitely large population Random mating No mutation, migration, selection In an ideal population the allele and genotype frequencies do not change from generation to generation. The genotype frequencies can be described by the equation: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 Using Hardy-Weinberg Is the following population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? MM 345 MN 490 NN 165 (1) What are the allele frequencies? (2) What are the expected genotype frequencies? (3) Is the difference significant? Another example: An population starts with 250 MM and 150NN individuals, what will be the genotype and allele frequencies at equilibrium? Allele frequencies = p = f(M) = q = f(N) = Genotype frequencies = p2 = 2pq = q2 = In a population of 1000 individuals how many will be of eac