PDH 理论基础.ppt

The Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy(PDH) Agenda Voice basics Multiplexing PDH hierarchy Line coding 2Mb/s frame structure 8Mb/s frame structure The ANSI / T-carrier hierarchy Management of Transmission Frame Transmission Media Let there be voice… Pulse Coded Modulation PCM Sampling Speech bandwidth 300Hz to 3400Hz Nyquist theorem - 2x to represent signal use 8kHz 128 analogue levels, 8 bit word 8000Hz x 8 bits Multiplexing Multiplexing allows multiple voice channels on one physical circuit Two common methods Time Division Multiplexing Frequency Division Multiplexing TDM primary rates: 2Mb/s in Europe and RoW 1.544Mb/s in U.S. Synchronous Multiplexing Asynchronous Multiplexing Bit Stuffing - Positive Justification Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy Plesiochronous is derived from the Greek meaning ‘almost synchronous’ Complete de-multiplex required to access any particular channel Lack of network management information PDH Hierarchy 2Mb/s frame structureG.704/G.732 Frame Alignment (PCM31) Frame Alignment CAS (PCM30) PCM30 / PCM31 CRC-4 (G.704) Data traffic can simulate FAS and NFAS, giving false framing Performance monitoring limited to 7 out of 512 bits poor error performance indicator Hence CRC-4 used to overcome this limitation PCM30 / PCM31 CRC-4 8Mb/s Frame Structure 34Mb/s Frame Structure 140Mb/s Frame Structure The ANSI WorldDS1 Frame Structure - D1 Framing Every 8th bit used for signaling inefficient DS1 Frame Structure - D4 Framing DS1 Frame Structure - D4 Framing DS1 Frame Structure - Extended Super Frame (ESF) 24 DS1 frames hence 24 framing bits 6 bits used for synchronisation (FAS) 6 are used for CRC Remainder form a 4kb/s data channel Definition of Plesichronous PLESI means similar CHRONOUS means timing PLESICHRONOUS operation provides similar timings. T1 FRAME OVERHEAD Bit positions 2-193 in T1 frame are used to carry user information. Bit position 1 carries framing information. Total overhead in a T1 link: 8000 bits/sec Percentage of overhead = 0.5