英语构词法完整版.ppt

丰国欣：《英语词汇学》 Chapter Two Word Structure and Word Formation Components of Word Structure Types of Morphemes Word Formation Components of Word Structure Morpheme: Morpheme is “the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words” (Crystal, 1985). Words are made of morphemes. Word types: One-morpheme words: log, clerk, soldier, etc. Tow-morpheme words: lovely, inexpensive, kindness, etc. Three-morpheme words: unacceptable, unskillful, etc. More-morpheme words: unskillfully, unimportantly, etc. Types of Morphemes Content morphemes are the basis of words’ meanings. Sometimes they can be used independently. For example, “teach” in “teacher” and “hope” in “hopeful” carry the basic meanings of the two words and they can also be used independently. In this case, some scholars call them free morphemes, which imply that they can exist freely and function as the basic units of a sentence. They are also considered roots. Types of Morphemes Grammatical morphemes are the additional meanings or grammatical meanings and are attached to content morphemes, and then form words. In this case, some scholars call them bound morphemes. For example, “un-” in “unkind” and “-full” in “hopeful” are grammatical morphemes and cannot be used independently. In fact, they are affixes. Some grammatical morphemes share lexical meanings, such as un-, in-,-ful, dis-, -able, im-, etc. Some grammatical morphemes do not share any lexical meanings and only indicate various grammatical forms, such as –s, -ly, -ize, -ion, -ness, -ed, -ing, etc. Types of Morphemes English stems can be categorized into two types: Derived stems can be divided into several morphemes which are composed of one or two content morphemes and one or two grammatical morphemes. For example, in “chopper”, “chop-” is a content morpheme; “-er” is a grammatical morpheme while and in “doorman” both “door-” and “–man” are content morphemes. And Stephen Ullmann calls them transparent words（显性词）. Non-derived stems refer to