Speaking and Writing Strategies for the TOEFL iBT托福口语写作策略.pdfVIP

专业文档尽在我主页 ii - Speaking and Writing Strategies for the TOEFL iBT Copyright © 2009 by Bruce Stirling All rights reserved. Duplication, distribution or database storage of any part of this work by any means is prohibited without prior written approval of the publisher. ® ® G+3TiC=C and OPDUL=C are registered trademarks. For permission to use material from this text or CD, please forward your request to info@. ISBN-10: 1-889057-58-4 ISBN-13: 978-1-889057-58-3 Speaking and Writing Strategies for the TOEFL iBT On the web at . This text is also available as a phone app. Visit or iTunes for more information. Nova Press 11659 Mayfield Avenue Los Angeles, CA USA 90049 1-800-949-6175 info@ ® ® TOEFL is a registered trademark of Educational Testing Services (ETS ), Princeton, New Jersey, USA. The material in this text, including argument maps, speaking and writing prompts, speaking and writing strategies, speaking and writing sample responses, and the proficiency checklists and rating guides, were created and designed exclusively by the author, Bruce Stirling. This publication is not endorsed or approved by ETS. 专业文档尽在我主页 Speaking and Writing Strategies for the TOEFL iBT - iii Contents DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT ………………………..……………………….….. 1 Arguments and the TOEFL iBT…………………………………………..……………… 1 What is an Argument? …………………………………………………………………….. 1 Personal-Opinion Argument: Deduction .……………………………………………… 2 Rhetorical Strategies ………………………………………………………………………. 4 Personal-Opinion Argument: Induction ……………………………..………………… 7 Developing Your Opinion ………………………………….……………………………… 8 Fact-Based Argument: Deduction ………………………………………………………11 Fact-Based Argument: Induction .………………………………………………………13 Coherence = A High Score ………………….………………………